Advancements in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Integrating Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Bayesian Approaches for Personalised Medicine

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a critical process in clinical pharmacology that involves measuring drug concentrations in biological fluids to optimize drug dosage and ensure efficacy while avoiding toxicity. By incorporating pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) principles, TDM allows for individualized therapy, particularly for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices. Recent advancements, including population pharmacokinetic approaches and Bayesian estimation, have enhanced the precision of TDM. This review highlights the evolution of TDM, its role in optimizing patient outcomes, and emerging techniques such as pharmacodynamic monitoring to further individualize and refine therapeutic regimens.