PHOSPHAMIDON INDUCED HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE GILLS OF Etroplus maculatus

Kuttanad, the rice bowl of Kerala, India (Altitude – sea level; Latitude – 9.9 N and Longitude – 76.2 E) is a region where there is overdose application of pesticide during the punja cultivation periods. Phosphamidon, Monocrotophos, Henosan and Thymet are the major components of the pesticides being used in Kuttanad. The exposure of fish to pesticides is likely to induce a number of lesions in body organs like gills, liver, kidney. The gills are the most important and sensitive organs of a fish body, which first experience the hazards of, polluted ambient water. As the fish gills are exposed to pesticides, a wide variety of structural changes in fish gills have been reported. They are hypertrophy, hyperplasia, oedema, mucous secreation, telengiectasis, stasis, hemorrhage, necrosis, fibroid, etc. The present study is aimed at assessing the extent of Phosphamidon induced histological changes in the gills of Etroplus maculatus, a fresh water food fish inhabiting the paddy fields of Kuttanad, and to arrive at a Maximum Allowable Toxicant Concentration (MATC) based on the histopathology. This end point gives an ‘early warning’ of the damage caused in the fish at the histological level before their mortality. Hence preventive measures can be taken to protect the fishery resources. The study shows that the pathological changes are gradually increasing from the lowest concentration to the highest concentration.

Based on the index value, the MATC is 0.1732 ppm and the Application Factor (AF) is 0.0583.